Napoleon Bonaparte Essay -- Papers

catnap Bonaparte Napoleon saved France from a horrible situation. He extended the French territory to bring apply to the French people, and brings revolution to Europe. Napoleon Bonaparte never gave up hope for France. Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15, 1769. No Bonaparte omit for Napoleon became a professional soldier or was good at war. His father Carlo fought for Corsican independence, but after the French took over the island he served. He became prosecutor and judge and entered the French aristocracy. Napoleon had a good education and exceptional armament training. His father secured a scholarship for him to go to the French military school at Brienne. When he was in school he a lot of his time and effort into his studies. Then in 1794,when he was 15,he graduated forty-second in his class of 58. He wanted more education after he graduated. He spent a year at the Military honorary society in Paris. Then he was commissioned a second lieute nant in artillery. Napoleon was the head of an artillery brigade at the siege of Toulon where in that respect was a British fleet. The British were driven out, and Napoleon was given a promotion to General of Brigade. In February of 1794 Napoleon was assigned to the French army in Italy. In October 5, 1795 a revolt broke out in Paris because of protesting the new constitution introduced by the Convection. Napoleon was ordered to defend the convection and was helped by Joachim Murat cannons. He was able to stop the revolting within four months. The Directory rewarded him with the appointment as commander of the army of the interior. In March of 1796 Napoleon began operations to divide and licking the... ... to navigate rivers that formed boundaries between states. Also the congress reestablished the balance of power among the countries of Europe. Napoleon never really abused his power he remained a pleasure ground leader to the people of France all of his life. Napoleon has been referred to as the first modern dictator, because he didnt abuse his power compared to other leaders in western civilization. Napoleon cared more about the well being of the French people, and didnt care about getting money from the government. Napoleons achievements and goals should be evaluated in a good way. Because he wasnt a tyrant, he achieved those most of his goals in a civilized way. Napoleon was one of the more fair, and better leaders than the ones that came earlier in history.. But his wife was a whore (Had to throw that in jokingly)

The Growing Need For The Aware :: essays research papers fc

We as Americans need to become more sensitive to our use of language because with the increasing number of cultural groups in the country one has to be cautious as to how they should define a certain group. Political correctness is a type of medium that helps us come to respect and communicate with the diverse group of races and cultures. Before we go on any further we must first define the meaning of governmental correctness. According to Websters Dictionary, political correctness is the ideology that shows sensitivity, tolerance, and respect for anothers race, gender, sexual preference, nationality, religion, age, physical handicap, or other especially if it differs from ones own. In other words, political correctness (better cognize as PC) is behavior and speech manifested in people of all race and culture that reflects an open-minded attitude towards other people present within the cabaret today. For example, being PC refers to using phrases as physically challenged instead of disabled and Asian rather than Oriental. This term originated, interestingly enough, after the Civil Rights Movement and during the birth of modern feminism when many nonage groups were fighting for their rights as Americans. The meaning of the words was not as significant back then as they are now. Political correctness has a alone different meaning today and it holds a lot of truths to it because it gives us that leverage to appropriately address someone without offending him or her. Many people these eld are using the politically correct terms, especially business people, teachers, politicians, journalists, etc. It is sad to say that there are many more people whom merely do not realize what they say can be insulting. There are many examples in todays society where people establishnt been considerate of other peoples feelings and have been extremely un-PC. Most recently the so-called shock jock, Doug Tracht who works in Washington DC, played music by Lauryn Hill on his rad io show (MSNBC local news online). Hill is the black hip-hop artist nominated for 10 Grammy awards. On air, he remarked No wonder people drag them behind trucks. The statement referred to the heavy-handed death of a black man in Texas who was dragged behind a truck. This is not the first time Tracht has gotten in trouble for a racial remark. In 1986 at another local radio station, Tracht made a derogatory remark about Martin Luther King day. That radio station was picketed and received bomb threats from godforsaken people before Tracht made an on-air apology.

The English Reformation Essay -- Literary Analysis, Dickens

The book I chose to review for this assignment is entitled The side Reformation by author A. G. Dickens. The book describes the processes that led to religious transformations and provides an excellent overview on the Reformation in England. The work thoroughly analyzes the political, economical and kindly aspects of the Reformation in the 16th century. The English Reformation, first published in 1964 is a great source of information for anyone who is interested in the hi tommyrot of the religious transition and change. The author of The English Reformation aims to analyze and explain the complex processes that have taken place during the reign of Henry VIII and his successors. He investigates the background and defines conditions for the religious transformation. A. G. Dickens inflexible out to carefully examine the complex processes of the English Reformation by describing the state of the religious affairs in the late medieval England. He believes that conv entional catholic religion was to some extent based on superstitious beliefs and folks legends. He begins his book by telling a story of a knight who robs passing travelers but maintains a pious vigil to Virgin Mary. His devotion to Holy Mother professed by his daily prayers saves him physically and spiritually. The knight is warned of the mortal danger and allowed to change his conducts. It seems that these kinds of legends mixed with Christian sentiments were commonly absorbed by people. A. G. Dickens writes its effort to attain salvation through devout observance, its visionary emphasis on saints, relics and pilgrimages... (4). These views were contrasted with the ideas of Lollards and the teachings of John Wycliffe. Their emphasis on sole aut... ...n that Lollardy consists mainly of artisans and tradesmen. It seems that the rebellious ideas might have originated with educated individuals but were propagated by commoners. A. G. Dickens proves that social and economic prominence was significant in spreading the protestant ideas. He writes Tudor provincial society contained large mobile elements and the part played by wandering cloth-workers in the dissemination of heresy has already been observed.(33). The English Reformation by A. G. Dickens is an extensive and thorough account of the political and religious ingenuousness of sixteenth century England. The work examines and describes all processes that led to the religious transformation. The great events of the Henrys reign are explained carefully, comprehensively and clearly, making the work super regarded analysis of the English Reformation.

A Handmaids Tale :: Handmaids Tale Essays

A Handmaids Tale     A naked society is created by a group of people who establish and obtain their power by any means necessary including torture and death. Margaret Atwoods book, A Handmaids Tale, can be compared to the morning after a bad push at heart an abusive descent. Being surrounded by rules that must be obeyed because of being afraid of the torture that will be received. There are no new(prenominal) choices because there is control over what is d unmatchable, who you see and talk to, and has interpreted you far away from your family. You have no money or way out. The new body politic of Gilead takes it laws to an even higher level because these laws are said to be of divinity and by disobeying them you are disobeying him. People are already likely to do anything for their God especially when they stand in fear of punishment or death. The republic of Gilead is created and maintains its power structure through the use of religion, laws that isol ate people from discourse to one another and their families, and the fear of punishment for disobeying the law.   The new law would follow Gods law that all are brothers and sisters, and according to Aunt Lydia will cause women to live in harmony together and support each other. The wife of the commander, Serena Joy was an strong advocate for submissive female roles and gospel singer before the contend and the administration of Gilead. Since the creation of Gilead, she was forced into the submissive role of a housewife. Serena spoke on television about the sanctity of the home and how women should stay in the home. after(prenominal) victorious on her new housewife role, She doesnt make speeches anymore. She has become speechless. She stays in her home but it doesnt agree with her. How furious she must be in a flash that she has been taken at her word (chapter 8, pg.46). Serena has failed in producing children which is the purpose of womans life in the beliefs of the Gilead society. She is jealous of Offred because Offred serves as a constant reminder of her failure. She is also resentful of the inner relationship that Offred must have with her husband.A Handmaids Tale Handmaids Tale Essays A Handmaids Tale     A new society is created by a group of people who strengthen and maintain their power by any means necessary including torture and death. Margaret Atwoods book, A Handmaids Tale, can be compared to the morning after a bad fight within an abusive relationship. Being surrounded by rules that must be obeyed because of being afraid of the torture that will be received. There are no other choices because there is control over what is done, who you see and talk to, and has taken you far away from your family. You have no money or way out. The new republic of Gilead takes it laws to an even higher level because these laws are said to be of God and by disobeying them you are disobeying him. People are already likel y to do anything for their God especially when they live in fear of punishment or death. The republic of Gilead is created and maintains its power structure through the use of religion, laws that isolate people from communication to one another and their families, and the fear of punishment for disobeying the law.   The new law would follow Gods law that all are brothers and sisters, and according to Aunt Lydia will cause women to live in harmony together and support each other. The wife of the commander, Serena Joy was an strong advocate for submissive female roles and gospel singer before the war and the formation of Gilead. Since the creation of Gilead, she was forced into the submissive role of a housewife. Serena spoke on television about the sanctity of the home and how women should stay in the home. After taking on her new housewife role, She doesnt make speeches anymore. She has become speechless. She stays in her home but it doesnt agree with her. How furio us she must be now that she has been taken at her word (chapter 8, pg.46). Serena has failed in producing children which is the purpose of womans life in the beliefs of the Gilead society. She is jealous of Offred because Offred serves as a constant reminder of her failure. She is also resentful of the sexual relationship that Offred must have with her husband.

Essay --

INT. CLASS ROOM 303 EXT. ALFRED NEW YORK - good afternoonENTER FRAME, DANIEL STANDs BY A WHITE BOARD POINTING TO THE brightness POSITIONS, EACH TURNING ON AS HE POINTS TO IT. A VOICE OVER IS HEARD.VOICEOVER hello EVERYONE, THIS VIDEO exit HELP YOU TO UNDERSTAND THE BASICS OF PRODUCTIONWITH US TODAY WE eat up DANIEL.HI DANIELTHE THREE COMPONENTS TO 3 POINT LIGHTING ARE... YOUR break LIGHT WHICH IS THE briny ILLUMINATOR IN THE SCENE AND CAUSE THE STRONGEST SHADOWS...NEXT IS YOUR FILL LIGHT, THE FILL LIGHT IS FROM THE OPPOSITE SIDE AND IS USUALLY A LITTLE LOWER, ITS MAIN PURPOSE IS TO ILLUMINATE THE DARKER SHADOWS CASTED FROM THE KEY LIGHT...LASTLY IS THE BACKLIGHT, THE BACKLIGHT HIGH LIGHTS THE CONTOURS OF THE SUBJECT AND GIVES A SENCE OF DEPTH.CUT TOdeuce X MARKS ARE PLACED ON THE infrastructure SIGNIFYING WERE DANIEL AND RANDY WILL WALK TO. AFTER ARIVEING AT THERE DESIGNATED SPOT THE TWO WILL LOOK TO BE HAVING A CONVERSATION AS A VOICE OVER IS USED.VOICEOVERNOW WE WILL TALK ABOU T BLOCKINGBLOCKING IS THE intend OF ACTION MADE BY THE DIRECTOR FOR WHICH THE ACTORS WILL embrace AS CAN BE SEEN, THE X ... Essay -- INT. CLASS ROOM 303 EXT. ALFRED NEW YORK - AFTERNOONENTER FRAME, DANIEL STANDs BY A WHITE BOARD POINTING TO THE LIGHT POSITIONS, EACH TURNING ON AS HE POINTS TO IT. A VOICE OVER IS HEARD.VOICEOVERHELLO EVERYONE, THIS VIDEO WILL HELP YOU TO UNDERSTAND THE BASICS OF PRODUCTIONWITH US TODAY WE HAVE DANIEL.HI DANIELTHE THREE COMPONENTS TO 3 POINT LIGHTING ARE... YOUR KEY LIGHT WHICH IS THE MAIN ILLUMINATOR IN THE SCENE AND CAUSE THE STRONGEST SHADOWS...NEXT IS YOUR FILL LIGHT, THE FILL LIGHT IS FROM THE OPPOSITE SIDE AND IS USUALLY A LITTLE LOWER, ITS MAIN PURPOSE IS TO ILLUMINATE THE DARKER SHADOWS CASTED FROM THE KEY LIGHT...LASTLY IS THE BACKLIGHT, THE BACKLIGHT HIGH LIGHTS THE CONTOURS OF THE SUBJECT AND GIVES A SENCE OF DEPTH.CUT TOTWO X MARKS ARE PLACED ON THE FLOOR SIGNIFYING WERE DANIEL AND RANDY WILL WALK TO. AFTER ARIVEING AT THE RE DESIGNATED SPOT THE TWO WILL LOOK TO BE HAVING A CONVERSATION AS A VOICE OVER IS USED.VOICEOVERNOW WE WILL TALK ABOUT BLOCKINGBLOCKING IS THE PLAN OF ACTION MADE BY THE DIRECTOR FOR WHICH THE ACTORS WILL FOLLOW AS CAN BE SEEN, THE X ...

Essay --

INT. conformation ROOM 303 EXT. ALFRED NEW YORK - AFTERNOONENTER FRAME, DANIEL STANDs BY A WHITE BOARD POINTING TO THE cleared POSITIONS, EACH TURNING ON AS HE POINTS TO IT. A VOICE OVER IS HEARD.VOICEOVERHELLO EVERYONE, THIS VIDEO WILL HELP YOU TO UNDERSTAND THE BASICS OF returnWITH US TODAY WE HAVE DANIEL.HI DANIELTHE THREE COMPONENTS TO 3 POINT LIGHTING argon... YOUR KEY LIGHT WHICH IS THE MAIN ILLUMINATOR IN THE SCENE AND CAUSE THE STRONGEST SHADOWS... abutting IS YOUR FILL LIGHT, THE FILL LIGHT IS FROM THE OPPOSITE SIDE AND IS commonly A LITTLE LOWER, ITS MAIN PURPOSE IS TO ILLUMINATE THE DARKER SHADOWS CASTED FROM THE KEY LIGHT...LASTLY IS THE BACKLIGHT, THE BACKLIGHT HIGH LIGHTS THE CONTOURS OF THE theatre of operations AND GIVES A SENCE OF DEPTH.CUT TOTWO X MARKS ARE PLACED ON THE FLOOR SIGNIFYING WERE DANIEL AND RANDY WILL WALK TO. AFTER ARIVEING AT at that place DESIGNATED SPOT THE TWO WILL LOOK TO BE HAVING A CONVERSATION AS A VOICE OVER IS USED.VOICEOVERNOW WE WILL TALK near BLOCKINGBLOCKING IS THE PLAN OF ACTION MADE BY THE DIRECTOR FOR WHICH THE ACTORS WILL FOLLOW AS CAN BE SEEN, THE X ... Essay -- INT. CLASS ROOM 303 EXT. ALFRED NEW YORK - AFTERNOONENTER FRAME, DANIEL STANDs BY A WHITE BOARD POINTING TO THE LIGHT POSITIONS, EACH TURNING ON AS HE POINTS TO IT. A VOICE OVER IS HEARD.VOICEOVERHELLO EVERYONE, THIS VIDEO WILL HELP YOU TO UNDERSTAND THE BASICS OF PRODUCTIONWITH US TODAY WE HAVE DANIEL.HI DANIELTHE THREE COMPONENTS TO 3 POINT LIGHTING ARE... YOUR KEY LIGHT WHICH IS THE MAIN ILLUMINATOR IN THE SCENE AND CAUSE THE STRONGEST SHADOWS...NEXT IS YOUR FILL LIGHT, THE FILL LIGHT IS FROM THE OPPOSITE SIDE AND IS USUALLY A LITTLE LOWER, ITS MAIN PURPOSE IS TO ILLUMINATE THE DARKER SHADOWS CASTED FROM THE KEY LIGHT...LASTLY IS THE BACKLIGHT, THE BACKLIGHT HIGH LIGHTS THE CONTOURS OF THE SUBJECT AND GIVES A SENCE OF DEPTH.CUT TOTWO X MARKS ARE PLACED ON THE FLOOR SIGNIFYING WERE DANIEL AND RANDY WILL WALK TO. AFTER ARIVEING AT THERE DESIGNATED SPOT THE TWO WILL LOOK TO BE HAVING A CONVERSATION AS A VOICE OVER IS USED.VOICEOVERNOW WE WILL TALK ABOUT BLOCKINGBLOCKING IS THE PLAN OF ACTION MADE BY THE DIRECTOR FOR WHICH THE ACTORS WILL FOLLOW AS CAN BE SEEN, THE X ...

How Does Steinbeck Presents Curley’s Wife in of Mice and Men Essay

Curleys married womanhood is a significant psycheality in the novel. John Steinbeck hands her in diametrical ways during the novel and uses different methods to influence the readers judgement, for instance by dint of her look, as she is a complex character. Significantly Steinbeck makes it clear that hold turns her into the person she is in the novel, her nature is different. He uses language to furnish us who she is as revealed by colour and light symbolism incongruity of her appearance and the setting simile.For the majority of the book she is labelled in a negative way as a treacherous, kittenish character which could be interpreted as a buffet of the way civilization observed the character of women in the novel. Some beats, Steinbeck includes thoughts denouncing Curleys wife. He also points out some of her good qualities. Due to this, readers can interpret for themselves if Steinbeck thinks highly of her, or if he does not like her. Nevertheless later in the book Stei nbeck deploys the reader into seeing her as complex, and feeling consideration for Curleys wife revealing her as a victim, anxious and secluded in a mans world.Although he may go back and forth on Curleys wife, in the end, Steinbeck is mainly condemning her. Steinbeck explores her as attractive towards man through her beauty and an attention seeker. In the passage the first words that Steinbeck uses atomic number 18 that Both men glanced up, and through this we are introduced to Curleys wife through her effect on men and not through any notion of herself, which Steinbeck does to show us she is only worthy for the use of men. The word glanced up shows that she want men to look at her for she is has the beauty of an actress.Not extended moment when Steinbeck exaggerates the rectangle of sunniness in the doorway way cut off. Here, Steinbeck uses the light symbolic onlyy to highlight how imposing she is and present the idea that she is the obstacle to a better life. The image of Curl eys wife casting a shadow across the bunkhouse hints at trouble to come later in the novel. It soon becomes apparent that Curleys wife is an outsider of the group when it states, A girl was standing there looking in, hence is a metaphor for the segregation she senses.It could be in spotful of the gender roles at the time women were only desi departure for mens erotic desires rather than their company. One could also deduce it as how likewise to a girl, (which she ironically is no longer), she is in search of thoughtfulness and requires all eyes to be on her by standing in the sight of the whole world and might be realised as attempting to listen in on their conversation both in truth juvenile schemes.Therefore Steinbeck presents Curleys Wife in Of Mice and Men as someone who is very eye-catching and courtesy inquirer. On the other hand, he portrays her as isolated and discriminated by men as she is excluded for creation female, which sometimes address to violence. This is illus trated when she is called tart, jailbait, and bitch by the men on the ranch henceforth the ranch is a very hostile and misogynistic place. Curleys Wife is an outsider and seems very out of place.She is frequently found in examine for companionship on the ranch as her recently found marriage does not give her the heat energy she desires, as she states to Lennie I dont like Curley he aint a nice fella, and due to this she often tries to cooperate with the other men although she is never allowed as they think a ranch aint no place for a girl. Carlson also states of how a women should be at home where she belongs. The fact that she is excluded from a place of sensible work is symptomatic of how women were exposed during the 1930s. They were not predictable to do work, but in its place stay at home and raise a family.Curley wife feels apprehensive because of the solitude she feels and it is made clear she is exasperated with this condition, none of them care how I gotta live. Noneth eless, the reader is presented with a side to an apparently playful and occasionally vindictive character. In chapter 5, Steinbeck permits Curleys Wifes character to eloquent emotions of loneliness, I get lonely and I get awful lonely. The use of repeating is used to give emphasis to the remoteness and frustration of not being able to talk to no automobile trunk but Curley, her hindrance which incessantly exteriors as she speaks to Lennie.Moreover, for the period of the scene Steinbeck describes as such And then her words tumbled out in a passion of communication, as though she hurried before her listener could be taken away. The word tumbled recommends her frantic need to communicate to people, at the same time as the expression passion demonstrates her authority and strength infallible to interconnect. Yet, what is predominantly conspicuous is she is used to people walking away from her when she speaks, this generates such consideration for her.In this chapter she is also pres ented as a moderate and approachable character, as Steinbeck describes she consoled him. Dont you worry any she moved closer to him and spoke soothingly. The fact that she spoke soothingly suggests that she has a kind nature, and asked in a maternalistic way when Lennie needed such gentleness. The reader can then relate this sudden behaviour transformation and her upcoming, but the syrupiness she bounces off blurs the readers sight to floral it. exclusively the way through the novel as similar to Crooks, Curleys Wife is not named.This highlights her lack of identity on the ranch and how she is viewed as the property of her husband as well as the word live indicates that she also is a living human being who wants to fulfil her dreams and desires but it would be impossible for her. As a result of her insecurities, she tries to combat her loneliness and sequestration by resorting to violence. Her vicious attacks on Crooks to getting him strung up on a tree and the attacks on Lennie due to his mental disability show how loneliness can not only change a person, but destroy them.All of the emotions Curleys Wife encounters come as a result of the loneliness she feels, and these clearly represent of what a terrifying character she is. Therefore Steinbeck describes Curleys wife as isolated and discriminate due to her gender of a female throughout the novel. Equally, at the end of the novel, she is presented as unimpeachable and purified from all the trouble through the description of her appearance. This can be seen in chapter 6 when Steinbeck explains Curleys wife lay with a half-covering of yellow hay. And the meanness and the plannings and the discontent and the ache for attention were all gone from her face.She was very pretty and simple, and her face was sweet and young. Now her rouged cheeks and her reddened lips made her seem alive and sleeping very lightly. The curls, tiny micro sausages, were spread on the hay behind her head, and her lips were parted. A s happens sometimes, a moment settled and hovered and remained for much more than a moment. And sound stop and movement stopped for much, much more than a moment. From this passage, the reader can acknowledge the real Curleys wife but at the same time feel good-for-naught for her as her dream was unfulfilled.The phrase meanness ( ) plannings () discontent () were all gone from her face shows that she is no longer vicious and dangerous as all the negativity vanished. Most importantly the phrase roughed cheeks and reddened lips conveys that her dream is unfulfilled and the repetition of stopped to emphasise stillness and the feelings of time standing still. Therefore Steinbeck does not present her as a negative character, but at the time of her death he shows the reader the real her as it was not her nature but nurture that made her what she was.In contrast Curleys Wife at first is portrayed as a revolting unpleasant woman. Curleys Wife is describe by Steinbeck many times as roughed lips and wide-spaced eyes. Her fingernails were red. this causes the reader to think of her as he says so. Nonetheless, despite these brutal views of her, the reader is presented with a side to a seemingly flirtatious and sometimes malevolent character. The repetition of the colour red denotes the fact that she is very dangerous and cause lot of trouble as the colour red is frequently associated to blood and murder which foreshadows the scenes later on in the novel.An alternative interpretation could be that red is also represent as the colour of fill in and she is wanting to be love, but many readers would link it to her actress personality as most actress love to dress a lot. Not so long, Steinbeck describes her hair as her hair hung in little rolled clusters, like sausages, and this simile shocks the reader because sausages are disliked and filthy, so linking it to her means that she is also disliked. Furthermore as sausages do not match with hair, the same way she is not sui table for a place like the ranch.Therefore Steinbeck portrays Curleys wife as a woman who is dangerous and disliked by linking her with words that supports the point. John Steinbeck points out many flaws in Curleys wife. For example, he does this when he writes, she leaned against the door frame so that her body was thrown forward (Page 51). In this statement, Steinbeck is pointing out that Curleys wife always tries to instigate something. He also describes her body image and how provocative she is, always looking for attention. Steinbeck says many more things to condemn Curleys wife, but that is not all that he says about her.Steinbeck also defends Curleys wife. He writes of how lonely she is, and describes her as innocent as the rabbits and puppy killed by another character, Lennie. For instance, Curleys wife says, Think I dont want to talk to somebody ever erst in a while? Think I like to stick in that house alla time? (Page 77). In this statement, Curleys wife implies that she is tired of being lonely and wants to talk to other people. As much as Steinbeck appears to flip-flop on his view of Curleys wife, readers can draw different conclusions.

Review and Critical thinking Essay

Review QuestionsSyncopation is placing emphasis or accents on beats that argon unexpected, or, alternatively.Is music that combined the music of marches with the rhythms of African music. The instruments used for ragtime are used in jazz.Cornetist who helped to create jazz music . His music had a loud piercing sound that be heard in the distance.Bebop had faster rhythms and more complex harmonies.A form of jazz that accent improvisation. In hot jazz multiple musicians did improvisation, In classic it was one. Critical Thinking QuestionsBoth use improvisation at some point. A distinction is that classical music try not to improvise but jazz music use it all the time.A characteristic of jazz is that it uses a of improvisation. another(prenominal) characteristic is that it has influence from its african roots.What they mean by that is that jazz is Americas music, it was created in america and was given a lot attention. Even the political relation gave attention to it.Buddy bolden was one of the people to create jazz, not much is know about his music, but some people that heard his music grant said it was a loud piercing sound that can be heard from a distance.Improvisation is creating music in the moment by responding to the other players around you. Jazz music uses improvisation almost all the time, most jazz pieces use improvisation.

Gender Equity Issues In Secondary Physical Education Education Essay

Gender equity issues in secondary corporal focusPhysical instruction categories should be conducted jointly no matter of gender. The origin of prenomen 9 manner back in 1972 required that secondary civilize physical instruction plans operate under the co-ed system. What does this think? This in kernel meant that misss and male childs were required to larn wholeedly under the same environment. As such, it was irrespective of the childaaa?s physical abilities. Critics of the Title 9 commissariats aggressively conflict with their advocates reasoning that kids with physical disablements should be accustomed especial(a) intervention and made to larn and dash break out in different environments. The chief ground behind this being these kids are frequently slow in larning than their equals who are normal.This paper testament therefore explore the mixed-gender physical instruction in secondary schools and suggest better ways of get the better ofing the challenges posed by this sort of plans. The paper will further research melodys that gender compare brings into the secondary school larning environment among the particular of necessity kids.Harmonizing to Penney ( 2002 ) , Title 9 prohibits sex favoritism in all instruction plans every bit easily as activities. The proviso prohibits gender inequality among secondary school having federal financess. Therefore, male childs and misss are meant to larn under the same science environment irrespective of their particular demands. This proviso has so been over trainn by clip and should be revised. The demands under Title 9 have conflicted with the beliefs and patterns of people. For case, in Islam, male childs and misss are non let ined to sit together allow entirely be subdued under the same acquisition environment. The cultural and spiritual struggle that this proviso has brought will be hard to allow travel ( Kirk, MacDonald & A OSullivan, 2006 ) .Adaptations will look at to be given particular conside ration in physical instruction. This is because, kids in secondary schools with particular demands learn and take part at different rates compared to those without. These kids can non be lumped together with the normal pupils. Particular needs pupils in secondary schools will therefore necessitate a instance by instance attack to guarantee that they win in their academic enterprises.Harmonizing to Woods ( 2007 ) , physical pedagogues face many jobs. One of the virtually marked jobs is overcrowded larning environments every bit good as deficiency of adequate installations. This is likely to impact the gait of larning for the pupils with particular demands. Physical pedagogues insinuate that particular needs pupils require a separate well equipped larning environment to enable them hold entree to most of the installations that their status calls for. Therefore, seting male childs and misss with particular demands to larn and take part with pupils who do non hold any particular demand s is so endangering their really future as they will be slow to larn and therefore void their opportunities of success.In add-on, physical pedagogues face a challenge on how to learn the pupils with particular demands among those without. Their attack is usually to learn both pupils under the same acquisition environment, so individual out those with particular demands and learn them individually, an activity that is usually painstaking.In the recent yesteryear, there has been a ruddy qui vive in relation to the musical mode in which male childs and misss with particular demands are various and taught with the separate kids who are considered to be normal ( Kirk, MacDonald & A OSullivan, 2006 ) . Critics suggest that this may compromise the rights of the particular demands kids in physical instruction aspects.The consequence of this has been a time-crunched instruction agenda for the physical pedagogues. When the Title 9 came into consequence, it was meant to restrict or cut do wn favoritism of kids with particular demands every bit good as eliminate gender biasness. However, with the challenges faced by the physical pedagogues, it is apparent that misss and male childs have different physical instruction demands. This is more so if they are particular needs kids. Physical pedagogues should therefore seek ways of turn toing these demands individually other than chunking them together.Does the direction given to the male childs differ from that given to the misss? The reply to this under the current physical instruction plan is decidedly, no. nevertheless, there are many challenges faced by the physical pedagogues including varied responses among misss and those with particular demands. Gender dealingss in the secondary school environment frequently dictates the sort of instruction patterns that the physical pedagogues are likely to use.Presently, the biggest job lies in the instruction patterns that are used among these kids every bit good as the equity in gender. Harmonizing to Schwab and Gelfman ( 2005 ) , there are serious equity jobs among assorted gender categories. There are many activities that both genders perform otherwise. This makes the demand for male childs and misss to be taught under different environments, lest the gait of presenting learning content for the physical pedagogues is greatly affected.Students with particular demands required particular attending. Title 9 does non nevertheless supply for this since it generalizes that secondary school pupil should all larn and take part under the same given environment ( Klein, 2007 ) . The consequence of this is that the pupils with particular instruction will non be able to execute better or larn effectively due to miss of the needed installations every bit good as the contributing acquisition environment.The deductions of Title 9 are legion. First, physical pedagogues are undecided to the likeliness of physical hurt to the pupils. Subsequently, this may take to judic ial proceeding as the pupils will seek a legal suit against the instructors. The physical pedagogues will hence be held apt for any negligent hurt suffered by the pupils.Furthermore, pupils are likely to larn actively if assorted. This is a positive property to the commissariats of Title 9. Physical pedagogues are frequently at undertaking seeking to guarantee just bringing of the learning stuff for physical instruction among the pupils.Possibly the other deduction of Title 9 commissariats is that pupils will be able to larn under similar learning conditions therefore increasing their opportunities of interaction and perchance assisting each(prenominal) other ( Hayes & A Stidder, 2003 ) . This will hike their learning chances every bit far as physical instruction is concerned.Therefore, the commissariats of Title 9 instigate advance gender equity while at the same clip disfavoring the particular needs pupils in secondary schools. It frequently puts much force per unit area to the physical pedagogues to present their instruction course of study with much equity excessively. The consequence of this is that the physical pedagogues are likely to wound the secondary school pupils and therefore set themselves at the hazard of judicial proceeding originating out of their alleged carelessness.

Changing Our Lives Essay

Changing Our Lives There are several reasons I decided to go to college at this point of my life. The first reason was simply because when I first received my G. E. D. I couldnt decide which occupation was right for me. There were so some different and interesting career paths to choose from. It became overwhelming trying to narrow it down to the best choice. I honestly didnt want to waste period and money going to school for a job I didnt enjoy or that I could not excel at.I wasted the next neighborhood of my life using drugs and gambling. I made a lot of bad decisions that led me to become involved with law. I behave never been charged with every felonies, scarcely I have plenty of misdemeanors to show for my behavior. This limits me to what jobs I can receive. Once the company does a background check the hiring process usually scratch there. Even though I have changed my life for the better most employers wont give me a chance to prove myself. My record unquestionably limit s me when choosing an occupation.I am embarrassed and not very proud of my mistakes I have made in life but I will not permit the past slow me down. Being enrolled in college will help prove myself as a trustworthy adult and show others that I can chance on in any situation. Going to college will give me that chance to fasten my family proud. I also think it is setting a great example for my children. They unwrap every day how hard it is to work for a job you dont like and not receiving the pay you deserve.Deciding to go to college will teach them that no matter what happens in life its never too late to make a change for the better. After a lot of thought and clock time I decided that I would receive my bachelors degree in business administration with a concentration on management. This opens many different outlets upon graduation and will help me decide on a specific career. I will also have the knowledge to hold a management position and make more money while still attendin g college. My ultimate goal is to one day own a couple of small businesses of my own.I already have the creativity, passion, and drive to be successful. Going to college will give me the understanding about the business world and bring me closer to my career goals. Waiting to go to college has been frustrating, but definitely worth it. I feel like I finally have enough time to manage work, school, and family life. I am more responsible and am able to make better choices. After changing my life I am finally on the path to seeing my dreams come true. hopefully I will achieve my final goal of one day being my own boss.

Valentine’s Day

Valentines day is so overrated And over-hyped A lot of raft run around frothing, proclaiming their have sex and pledging their eternal every last(predicate)egiance to championness another(prenominal). Although it means polar things to different people, many use this day for all the wrong reasons. I. e. to try out off, get free stuff, free meals etc-Etc. Ha. People even go as far as finding dates just for that one day. Crazy right? I know When its about to be that time of the month everyplace is lit up with red stuffI personally think its another way for businesses to get a lot of extra funds out our pockets. If someone truly cared about you, I think youd hear it more a good deal than once. I mean the extra-large teddy bears, flowers, and all the excess coffee (which makes u gain w ogdoad anyway), and all the other stuff which is associated with v/day is cool, scarce why wait for that one day to show your spouse how oft really you care about them? Some People definitely put much emphasis on it Why not do it all the timeI personally think thats all part of being in a relationship. Making your significant other feel love and appreciated all the time. This should be a PRIORITY of yours Not just on that one day called VALENTINES DAY I think it all depends on the individuals choice. If you are in favor of doing something special on Valentines twenty-four hours, go ahead and do it. If you feel that its not your shape of coffee, so be it. Spending all the excess $money$ isnt the meaning of love its the little things along with the thoughtfulnessValentines DayEach year in America, Canada, United Kingdom, Mexico and Australia billions of people celebrate Saint Valentines Day. 85% of Valentines day purchases are made by women, 1 billion valentines day cards are sent out each year and Valentines day is the second largest card sending holiday of the year, the first being Christmas. Today I will share with you the history of Valentines Day and the legend of Saint Valentine. There are three different stories as to how Valentines Day became a holiday, but they all pull in the same thing in common, which is Saint Valentine.February has always been a month of fantasy and history. The roots of this holiday are based on the Christian and ancient Roman tradition. The roman-catholic church recognizes at least three different paragons, saint valentine and saint valentines are the two most familiar. The first legend says that Saint Valentine was priest who served in the third century in Rome. The emperor at that time was emperor butterfly Claudius, and he believed that the single men made better soldiers in his army, so he banned all marriages for young men at that time.Saint Valentine perceive this as an injustice was still willing to perform marriages in secret for young lovers. When Valentines secret was discovered, the legend says he was sentenced to death. The second legend suggests that Valentine may have been killed for helping Chri stians escape Roman prisons. Many Christians that were kept in these prisons were kept by a higher being and were tortured to death. The third story severalises us that Valentine sent the very first valentine from prison.The legend says that he fell madly in love with the jailers daughter where he was in prison and right before he was put to death he wrote her a letter and signed it love your valentine. Now I am going to tell you how and why Valentines Day became a tradition and a holiday. By the Middle Ages saint valentine was viewed as a sympathetic, romantic and heroic figure. As a result of this he was considered one of the most popular of all figures in England and France at that time.Valentines death was said to be around two seventy eight A.D. In effort to Christianise the Pagan holiday celebration of Pieria at the Lempira festival, it is said that the celebration of saint valentines burial was moved to the month of February. In ancient Rome February was the official beginn ing of spring and was considered at that time a time of purification. In France in England during the middle ages February fourteenth was the day that the birds began choosing their mates, in like manner around five hundred A. D Pope Gelasius declared February fourteenth, Valentines Day.Valentines DayValentines day is so overrated And over-hyped A lot of people run around frothing, proclaiming their love and pledging their eternal allegiance to one another. Although it means different things to different people, many use this day for all the wrong reasons. I. e. to show off, get free stuff, free meals etc-Etc. Ha. People even go as far as finding dates just for that one day. Crazy right? I know When its about to be that time of the month everywhere is lit up with red stuffI personally think its another way for businesses to get a lot of extra money out our pockets. If someone truly cared about you, I think youd hear it more often than once. I mean the extra-large teddy bears, flow ers, and all the excess chocolate (which makes u gain weight anyway), and all the other stuff which is associated with v/day is cool, but why wait for that one day to show your partner how much really you care about them? Some People definitely put much emphasis on it Why not do it all the timeI personally think thats all part of being in a relationship. Making your significant other feel loved and appreciated all the time. This should be a PRIORITY of yours Not just on that one day called VALENTINES DAY I think it all depends on the individuals choice. If you are in favor of doing something special on Valentines Day, go ahead and do it. If you feel that its not your cup of coffee, so be it. Spending all the excess $money$ isnt the meaning of love its the little things along with the thoughtfulness

SMIO Group Element Strategic Management In Organisations

ALL Analyses and critically evaluate the environments in which strategic management and change takes place and assessing the appropriate organizational responses (analysis, enquiry). 4 Explore and evaluate critically the contemporary literature on strategic leadership, management and decision- reservation and how it interrelates to successful organization progression in a global environment ( acquaintance and understanding).ALL Understand, critically evaluate and tool contemporary ideas on strategic aspects of decision-making in effective risk assessment during organizational change (integration, knowledge and understanding). Assignment arrange by Peter J Consider Assignment verified by Scrutiny Panel and External Examiner Assignment Instructions Your team moldiness be submit by the due dates as stated below and lead be vomited electronically via Turning and for which you will be issued instructions. The only circumstance in which assignments can be submitted late is if an exten uating circumstances devise is submitted at the same time.This group element is weighted at 15% of the overall marks ready(prenominal) on this module, and which are allocated as follows 1) Group work ground tutor Initial Strategic Audit and Internationalization syllabus Submit by 9th February 201 5 by no later than 17. 00 pm (see page 7) 2) Group work Country Manager Final End-Game Report Submit by 4th whitethorn 2015 by no later than 17. 00 pm (see page 9) Detailed briefing and instructions are nursen herein. Strategic Management In Organizations Assignment Brief Country Manager ALLELES Business Game Simulation.The Country Manager Simulation (or business game), will give you and your team a rewarding and engaging opportunity to real manage the international amplification activities for a multinational comp all. During lectures, tutorials and workshops will be exploring the interwoven arena of Strategic Management and International Strategic management from dissimilar perspectives real world perspectives. You will pull down from your module handbook that we will be devoting part of the aerogramme to learning using the Country Manager (ALLELES) simulation.The siding from this will form a part of your final assessment on this module. The ALL make a face case will alike be used as an assessment vehicle for you to demonstrate your learning on the surmise and concepts which we will be exploring in the lectures, tutorials and in your self-managed versions. Each team will fall apart and apply strategies for entering into and expanding throughout the Latin American region for a consumer packaged goods firm that manufactures and markets toothpaste.You will determine which countries to enter, when to enter them, where to reduce your products, which customers to target, the products you want to launch and at what prices, the channels through which you want to sell, and manage conglomerate marketing communications activities. The simulation will ena ble you to learn by doing. Your team will commence a marketing plan. Then you will manage the business by implementing your plan (making decisions) over a simulated eight-year period. Finally, you will complete an end-of-game report.You will as the course progresses be drawing on a range of concepts and theories to help your knowledge and understanding and other learning outcomes and which will inform the analysis, rating, development and carrying into action of international strategies. It is important that you fall upon and draw on these and previous concepts and underpinning theories to inform your analysis, evaluations and decisions. You will be using the Country Manager simulation to evaluate and develop new international market entry and development opportunities.The simulation is based upon a wealth of democracy data (political, economic, social etc) and the company for which you are working(a) is up against established competition. You will be developing market entry s trategies, and managing regional expansion in Latin America. You will learn how to manage these activities to constrain customer value internationally. The value creation turn involves understanding customers, collaborators, competitors, and a companys own core competencies, and using this knowledge for competitive advantage and growth.The Country Manager simulation will entail initially establishing a new international market for entry as the home market has become saturated. Following a detailed comparative uncouth analysis your team will therefore go onto establish a brand presence in that market. You will wish to make decisions on he level of FDA to make and to go on to attempt to maximize the companies strategic and financial position in that commonwealth. You will then be expanding into surplus foreign markets in Latin America.It is very important to read and become thoroughly familiar with the Country Manager ALL SMILE case study on. This case will be used not only dyn amically in the simulation to develop your analysis and decision making skills, but will also be used to integrate with and apply key concepts/theories On ISM and overall help to make the learning process closer to reality than desk based case work Your team needs to develop a Strategic Marketing Plan the roadman for managing your entry, growth, and expansion into Latin America.Before working on your Marketing Plan, read the entire Country Manager users manual. Your plan will cover most of these topics. In order to do so, you will need to use the various reports (environment, competition, internal) to analyze the current situation and forecast how it will (or how you want it to) change. The goal is to determine what strategy you want to set and how to implement it (I. E. , what decisions you will need to make) in order to maximize your nutrition to corporate headquarters.Because you report to both the Toothpaste Category Management and the Latin America organizations (see Figure 1 , page 8 of the user manual), you must work toward maximizing your country cumulative office as well as the overall cumulative percentage for the region. Your instructions are to do a sequential entry (waterfall) strategy into Latin America that is, you are not to enter more than one country at a time. For example, you might enter one country in period 1 , a sulfur country in period 3, a third country in period 5.You should enter at least three countries. See the next page for more specific entry and expansion instructions. Initial Strategic Plan Entry & Expansion Instructions Firstly, enter the Latin American market Enter your first country. Begin by institution no more than 4 SKU. Add more SKU in subsequent periods as you believe the market bears and consistent with your strategy. You should advance two-three periods. Continue to play in the initial market, expanding into a multi-segment SST taste.Secondly, begin regional expansion After establishing your business in the ini tial market, enter into one additional market in termination 3 or 4. Begin by launching 4 or more SKU in the second market. Continue to play in the initial and second markets, expanding your multi segment strategy. Thirdly, continue regional expansion Continue to play in the initial market, and 2nd market, now expanding into a third market in gunpoint 5 or 6.Follow the same procedure as above for the third market Complete all nine periods In the event that you have do a major blunder (e. G. , entering an MSP of 10. 0 instead of 1. 0), you must contact your tutor to replay a period. You must complete your final set of decisions within the specified schedule dates. Note Be sure to keep a log of your decisions and results to each one period. After each period, save/print the carrying into action Summary (Consolidated Internal). Con. Assessment part 1 .Initial Strategic Audit and Internationalization Plan. Group manoeuvre Submission (7. 5 % of available marks) (state team number and members name on the assignment) This element will be submitted as a Poster (instructions provided and a blank Poster Template is available on Blackboard) via Turning by no later than 5. 00 PM on Monday 9th February 2014. Before working on your Strategic Plan, read the entire Country Manager case and manual. Then center on Section 4 of the user manual. Your plan will cover most of these topics covered here.In order to do so, you will need to use the various reports (environment, competition, internal) to analyses the current situation and forecast how it will (or how you want it to) change. Your teams primary goal is maximizing your overall cumulative contribution for the region. Note however you will note be assessed on the level of cumulative contribution you have achieved. Your secondary goals are maximizing your market share and brand equity in each country that you example, you might enter one country in period 2, a second country in period , a third country), in period 5 .You should enter at least two countries. Your doing will be evaluated as follows Country and regional performance relative to other teams on the following measures o Cumulative net contribution o Anal period net contribution o Market share o injury equity Your Plan should not exceed two AH poster sized sheets , using the given poster Template (adapt this as required, by adding sub pages and do include a full Harvard Reference to all sources of literature and case evidence including the Country Manager case and any further research undertaken by your team.Aim to give a good visual impact for your poster by using applied models etc. You may add as supporting exhibits as you worry to the poster. All exhibits must be referred to in your text. Your plan may be entirely or partially in outline form. Organism your Marketing plan as follows. 1. Make sure you include on the poster group members names 2. Executive Summary one page description of your overall strategy (see items 3 to 7 b elow). 3. Situation analysis (opportunities and threats from a SWAT). 4 Vision, Mission and Key Strategic Objectives. 5.Market entry strategies (the sequence and timing of countries you will enter). 6. Manufacturing location and sourcing (including any changes you plan to make and when). 7. Target marketing strategy (for each country you plan to enter). Each target market should represent a combination of demographics and wellbeing (e. G. , older & healthy see cross-section under Brands Purchased reports). 8. Strategic Positioning and marketing mix strategies (target specific UP strategies for each country you plan to enter). 9. regional standardization (any manufacturing and marketing resources you plan to share across markets). 0. Market share objectives (end-of-game racket shares for each country you plan to enter). 11. Appendix containing all referenced Exhibits and a List of references to Harvard Standard. You plan will be submitted on-line via Turning for which you will be gi ven specific instructions and will be submitted in the form of a poster and for which a blank template is included on the modules Blackboard site. This Poster template Can be adapted but must not be longer than two AH sized pages and with a minimal font size of Arial 24 Additional guidelines will be made available on Black Board on preparing your group poster.Assessment part 2 (7. 5 of available marks). Country Manager Final Report Group Work Submission (state team number and members names on the assignment) This element must be submitted via Turning no later than 5. 00 PM on 4th May 2015. Each team is to submit a final end game group report that describes your teams performance and what you learned about being a country manager for a company expanding internationally. Your final End-Game group report is not to exceed five (5) pages of text (double-spaced, 1 margins, 11 or 12- point propagation New Roman or Arial font).Your Appendix may include supporting exhibits or reports which must be referred to in your text. Organism your teams Final Report as follows 1. Cover sheet with team members names, countries entered, and date. 2. Reflections upon your teams successes and failures in implementing your strategy and objectives (as described in your Group Strategic Audit and Plan poster). (use available data /Metrics and relate to appropriate theory) 3. Appendix. Your Appendix should include (but is not limited to) country and regional performance.Include the following Period 6 (end of game) information o Cumulative net contribution for the region o Net contribution for each country o Market share for each country Brand equity for each country Your teams performance will not be evaluated or graded in terms of final marks but your report should include Country and regional performance relative to other teams o Regional cumulative and final period net contributions and brand equity. Country and regional absolute financial performance o Regional cumulative and final period net contributions.Country market shares and brand equities. Assessment Criteria Descriptor & percentages 0-39% Pass (3rd) 50-59% Pass (2ii) 60-69% pass (2I) Demonstrate a systematic understanding and critical evaluation of the key aspects of the strategic management process (LOL knowledge & understanding) Demonstrates very limited knowledge & understanding. No use of pertinent theory from module lectures or elsewhere. Demonstrates limited knowledge & understanding. Some evidence of relevant theory. Occasional errors in understanding. Demonstrates nearly knowledge & understanding.More than 1 or 2 theories introduced. But not giganticly & coherently applied to the case(s). Limited critical evaluation. Demonstrates good knowledge & understanding. Uses a number of relevant theories, demonstrating evidence f wider reading and understanding beyond module lectures. Some evidence Of critical evaluation. Demonstrates very good knowledge & understanding. Confidently introduces a nu mber of relevant theories from the lecture notes & wider reading. critically evaluate key aspects of strategic management process.Demonstrate the competency to compare different theories and perspectives of strategic management and use and appraise them appropriately (ALL learning, analysis) Overwhelmingly descriptive glut with little or no application of theory from lecture notes. Mainly descriptive content, but with some limited attempt o apply theory to case(s). Some descriptive content & arguments may not be fully developed. More in-depth analysis is evident. Answer is supported by range of well-selected theories. Evidence of extensive analysis. Applies range of relevant theories in a coherent and convincing way to the case(s).Critically evaluate theories and concepts of strategic management. Analyses and apply appropriate problem solving techniques plus knowledge learned to solving complex business problems (ALL analysis, application, problem solving and reflection) Demonst rates very limited or no critical reasoning to evaluate theories. No evaluation of strategic options provided. No evidence Of the force to solve complex strategic problems. Demonstrates very limited or no reflection on learning. Demonstrates limited ability to evaluate theories and concepts of strategic management.Provides a limited evaluation of strategic options. Limited evidence of the ability to solve complex strategic problems. Demonstrates limited ability to reflect on own learning. Demonstrates some ability to evaluate theories and concepts of strategic management. Provides evaluation of strategic options but analysis is not convenience. Provides evidence of the ability to solve complex strategic problems but with some limitation. Demonstrates some ability to reflect on own learning. Demonstrates good ability to evaluate theories and concepts. Good evaluation of strategic options with certificatory evidence. Revises good evidence of the ability to solve complex strategic pr oblems. Critically evaluate options & demonstrates the ability to reflect on own learning but with some limitation. Demonstrates very good ability to evaluate theories and concepts. Confidently evaluate different strategic options with supportive evidence and critically evaluate options. Provides good evidence of the ability to solve complex strategic problems. Good demonstration of the ability to reflect on own learning. Demonstrate the ability to communicate complex issues (L 04 communication) No sensible structure. Many errors of spelling, grammar etc.Work incorrectly referenced Some errors in structure. Language basically sound. Some incorrect referencing. Structure & language satisfactory. Work referenced, perhaps with some errors. sanitary structured. Effective use Of appropriate language. Good referencing. Compelling & logical structure. Very effective use of language. Referencing excellent. Grammar and references structure, grammar, selection & presentation of sources is accurate & appropriate References absent or drawn from inappropriate sources e. G. Wisped. A few references used, mainly from lecture notes with little evidence feeder reading.Some references used, some from lecture notes but with some evidence of additional reading/research. Broader range of references used, from lecture notes but also with more extensive evidence of wider reading/ research. Wide range of reference used, from lecture notes but also with extensive evidence of wider reading/research. Academic Misconduct The Business School takes any cases of academic misconduct, including plagiarism very seriously. The penalties are severe and can in some cases result in a student not being allowed to continue their studies.The policy on Academic misconduct can be plant at http//www. Staffs. AC. UK/assets/ academic_misconduct_tacit-26770. PDF Please note all assignments are processed via Turning (plagiarism detection software) Non Submissions If you fail to submit any assessment fo r a module an N will be recorded (non- submission) (fail due to non-submission) for that module and you will not have a guaranteed re-sit entitlement. Any further attempt entitlement will be at the discretion of the Award Board. Assignments must be submitted by the due date.The only circumstance in which assignments can be submitted late is if an extenuating circumstances take in is made. In these circumstances work may be submitted up to 5 working days late only (this is not automatic). If the extenuating circumstances are upheld, the assignment will be graded as usual. If the claim is rejected and the work is of a pass grade a maximum of a 40% (R) for undergraduate and 50% (R) for postgraduate will be awarded. If your work is submitted after the 5 working days a O will be awarded. maximal Word Length State the number of words used on the assignment front sheet.You may include diagrams, figures etc. Without word penalty. A slide scale of penalties for excess length will be impos ed according to the amount by which the limit has been exceeded. 1-10% excess 1 1-20% excess 21-30% excess 31 excess no penalty reduction in the mark 20% reduction in the mark the work will be capped at a pass N.B.. None of the above penalties will be used to change your mark which is above the pass mark, to one that is below the pass mark. therefrom the maximum penalty for exceeding the word limit will be a reduction to a pass grade.

Historical Background and Status

Historical background and status of material engineering constancy By S. Chakrabarty Preamble Industrial variation in U. K. during 1750 1850 gave birth to Textile Machinery. The dominance of India in the field of cotton frameworks produced by very skilled manpower was disturbing the British. Systematic beginment of textile diligence with spin and powerloom machinery was initiated in Lancashire and Manchester to discourage the Indian weavers. Rest is however k promptlyn to everybody how the machinery industry was positive and nurtured by the respective presidential terms in the UK and later by Germevery and Switzerland fol economic crisised by others in europium.In India, machinery devise started in the 50s, continued and progressed during 60s & 70s and in that location by and by. The Government policy to ban expansion of the organize weaving celestial sphere during late 60s created/ supported the change powerloom sector. Too much of entailmentance to mintlooms and low level technology power looms in the subsequent years, keeping a large list of reserved items for applylooms, throttled the hero sandwich industry which lost its initiative for creativity as well as occupation for the masses. Low level of achievement in handlooms and low quality production in powerlooms made us uncompetitive in the subsequent years.The Governments regulative pressures on the Mill perseverance continued to play carnage for the weaving industry till the introduction of 1985 Textile insurance policy and finally revolutionary Industrial Policy in 1991. Development and technology growth in the TEI The Textile applied science Industry (TEI) during the late 60s, 70s and 80s had received some Government support in the form of foreign collaboration approvals, consequence assistance by mood of phased manufacturing programme and concessional customs duty certification for merchandise parts and comp onents for manufacture of specified textile machinery.Import duty on components and parts in full planetary was very high at 85% excluding CVD and non conducive for indigenous development. The concessional duty on imported parts, components etc. mentioned above did help the Industry. The then Governments policy was in any case supportive that no import of machinery was allowed if there was adequate indigenous production. The local textile industry therefore had no excerption but to buy the Indian machinery. This policy helped the TEI to develop and manufacture spinning machinery in the bucolic of the desired quality and quantity. there was no aspiration from outsider.Internal competition among various players made the development easier and faster. Foreign manufacturers had no choice but to enter into collaborations with local manufacturers. This give-up the ghosted non only in spinning but also in processing machinery. The by-line collaborations atomic number 18 worth mentioning Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Names of Foreign Collaborators M/s. Textile Machinery Makers Ltd. U. K. , Platt Bros. , U. K. M/s. Whitin Machine Works, U. S. A. M/s. Howa, Japan M/s. Zinser, Germany M/s. Marzoli, Italy M/s. Hispani Suiza (Suisse) S. A. , Switzerland M/s. Rieter, Switzerland M/s. Schubert & Salzer, Germany Names of IndianManufacturers M/s. National Machinery Mfrs. Ltd. , Bombay* M/s. M M C. , Calcutta M/s. Texmaco, Calcutta* M/s. Texmaco, Calcutta* M/s. M M C, Bangalore* M/s. Indequip Engineering Ltd. , Ahmedabad M/s. LMW, Coimbatore M/s. New ideal Engg. Items Produced spin Cards, Draw carcass, Speed Frame, Ring Frame Spinning Carding Engines and RH Can Fed Inter Frames Spinning Flat Revolving Carding Engines, Draw Frame, Speed Frames Spinning Narrow Gauge Ring Frame Spinning Entire Range Spinning Ring Frame Spinning Entire range Spinning shoot a line Room, Cards, 9. M/s. Zinser, Germany M/s. Trutzschler, Germany M/s. Toyota, Japan 10 11 2 M/s. Suessen, Germany * Presently not in operation Co. Ltd. , Mumbai* M/s. Pad matex Engg. , Baroda* M/s. Trumac, Ahmedabad M/s. Kirloskar Toyoda Textile Machinery Pvt. Ltd. , Bangalore M/s. Suessen Asia, Pune Draw Frames Spinning H. S. Draw Frame Spinning Blow Room, Cards, Draw Frames Spinning Ring Frame Spinning Ring Frame Due to acute and long recession in the Textile Industry, initial higher import content coupled with high rate of import duty, non-transfer of a la mode(p) technology to a lower place collaboration agreements leading to import of machinery etc. , the following Indian Companies were closed down during 80s and earlier 90s.These are M/s. MMC, Kolkata and Bangalore M/s. Texmaco, Kolkata M/s. Indequip Engineering, Ahmedabad M/s. New Standard Engg. Co. Ltd. , Mumbai M/s. Mafatlal Engg. Co. Ltd. Mumbai M/s. Textool Co. Ltd. , Coimbatore M/s. Jeetstex Engg. Ltd. Coimbatore etc. while M/s. LMW, M/s. Trumac, M/s. Zinser India, M/s. Suessen Asia, M/s. Kirloskar Toyoda could manage to bewilder in production. Why we are better in spinning machine ry? There was Government support by way of Restricted import of spinning machinery closely no import of spinning machinery of the same technology available indigenously was allowed.No import of blink of an eye hand spinning machinery was allowed. Import duty concession on raw materials, parts, components & accessories for production of specified machinery as the import duty in general, was very high. Besides, competition among the machinery manufacturers resulted in production of better quality machines. Reasons for non-development in the twine Machinery Sector While the Textile Engineering Industry took up manufacturing of Spinning machinery in full swing with the adequate Governments supportive measures mentioned above, the same did not happen in case of weaving machinery.During 60s (prior to 1970) the Industrial Policy prohibited the organized mill sector to expand their weaving capacity. This was perhaps to support employment times in the villages by the decentralized and dispersed handloom sector. It was collect to this wrong policy, the unauthorized powerloom clusters started gaining grounds. Even many of the handloom clusters started converting into powerlooms. Since the domestic indigence for fabrics was growing fast overdue to the creation growth, the powerloom sector in different parts of the country started growing fast while the handloom sector started shrinking in reality. The fact is still not judge by the Government). Today, there are over 20 lakh powerlooms but handlooms, may not be more than 8 lakh, if not less During 70s the organized mill sector was allowed to replace ordinary powerlooms by impulsive looms and shuttleless looms on 41 basis. However, compulsory manufacture of controlled cloth by the mills sector dampened the spirit of the mills sector. Controlled cloth scheme was done away with during 80s. Expectation of a good demand due to replacement policy prompted the manufacture of semiautomatic looms by M/s.Cimmco, Gwalio r in collaboration with M/s. Sakamoto, Japan and M/s. Mafatlal Engineering Co. in collaboration with M/s. Ruti, Switzerland during 70s. In the late 70s M/s. Lakshmi spontaneous Loom Works Ltd. (LALW) started manufacturing Ruti C Type of automatic loom in collaboration with M/s. Ruti, Switzerland. M/s. Cimmco as well as M/s. Mafatlal Engineering Co. tried to manufacture shuttleless looms in collaboration with M/s. Dornier, Germany, Toyoda, Japan and M/s. SACM, France respectively during early 80s. M/s. LALW also started making shuttleless rapier and airjet looms during 80s.During 80s, the powerloom population which was precisely 7 lakh had grown to more than 10 lakhs. The policy of scrapping of powerlooms of the mill industry after replacement or closure failed miserably, all these powerlooms found their way to the decentralized sector. The Government had no option but to regularize all unauthorised powerlooms due to political pressure after announcement of 1985 Textile Policy and subsequent Textile Control Order 1986, doing away with the age old powerloom permit system. The textile strike during 1980s crippled the Textile mill industry in Mumbai and Maharashtra.During this period the composite structure of the mill industry broke almost transactly. While the spinning sector prospered with the modern machinery, the number of working looms in the organized mills sector shrunk considerably and most of the mills found it profitable to close down their weaving section due to bad securities industry condition, high cost of labour, low productivity and tough competition from the powerloom sector. As a result, there was practically no demand for the shuttleless looms manufactured by the two Companies mentioned above which prompted them to close down their shutters one by one.In the meantime, due to the pressure from the decentralized powerloom sector the Government was forced to allow import of second hand weaving machinery which added to the woes of indigenous m anufacturers of shuttleless looms. M/s. LALW also had to discontinue the production of shuttleless looms subsequently. During 80s and upto 1991 there was protective market for spinning and processing machinery but not for the weaving machinery due to high production cost and import of second hand looms. Initiatives discouraged after reposeThe Industrial Policy announced in 1991 liberalised the Industry in general to a considerable extent. The market became liberal to the foreign manufacturers and there was tough competition. The spinning machinery makers came of age technologywise and capacitywise and there was also very high demand for spinning machinery. The weaving machinery could not prosper due to the onslaught of import of second hand machinery. There was no restriction on import of second hand weaving machinery before and after 1991. After 1992, there was no support of the Government either for development of weaving machinery or any other textile machinery.In this regard, the only commendable fact was that we became self-sufficient in Weaving Preparatory Machinery viz. High Speed Sectional Warping, Direct Warping and Sizing coordinated with world class technology. M/s. Rabatex Industries, Ahmedabad M/s. Prashant Gamatex Pvt. Ltd. , Ahmedabad, M/s. Amritlakshmi Machine Works, Mumbai and M/s. Jupiter Engineering Co. , Ahmedabad are the most reputed domestic manufacturers. This could happen because there was less import of second hand machinery and the cost differential between domestic and imported machinery was large and the machines were custom built.The indigenous shuttleless looms (older technology) which squander been developed during the late 90s and early 2000, however, could not find a good market due to the adverse policy of the Government i. e. import of second hand shuttleless looms on a lower floor concessional duty and also under concessional rate of interest under TUF. The situation continues. However, indigenous machinery manufacturer s viz. M/s. Aalidhra Weavetech Pvt. Ltd. , Surat M/s. Bhavin Sales Corporation, Surat M/s. Dynamic Loom Mfg. Co. , Ahmedabad M/s. Dinkier Sokerjee Machines, Surat M/s. Friends Engg.Works, battle of Panipat M/s. Himson Textile Engg. Inds. Pvt. Ld. Surat M/s. Industrial Engg. Works, Bangalore M/s. Lakshmi Automatic Loom Works Ltd. , Coimbatore M/s. Laxmi Textile Stores, Ahmedabad M/s. Lifebond Machines Pvt. Ltd. , Surat etc. have developed and are producing crank beat up type shuttleless looms with a speed between 450 500 mpm. All latest times shuttleless looms i. e. Airjet, Waterjet, Projectile & Rapier of European and Japanese origin are high speed, high tech, high productive and energy efficient running at a speed of 500 rpm and above.This machinery, though at a higher cost, is economically viable due to its quality and productivity, cost of fabric per meter being less than second hand machinery. Since suffer 4/5 years, all new large textile units as well as existing reputed te xtile units expanding capacity had been importing these kinds of machinery to make them commercially viable, e. g. Alok Industries, Welspun, GHCL, Vardhman Group, Century, Raymonds, etc. Therefore, machinery, if made/developed indigenously need to be cost competitive in all respects and cost of production per meter of fabric should be same or less with equivalent quality standard.Then only the manufacturing would be viable and accepted by the Mill Industry/ Organized Sector. Unless there are disincentives for second hand machinery, there is no hope that the decentralized powerloom sector would go in for new machinery. Processing & Finishing Machinery Sector The annals of the processing machinery manufacturing sector was somewhat different. During 70s and 80s there were a number of foreign collaborations M/s. Mather & Platt, U. K. M/s. Reggiani, Italy M/s. Stork, Holland M/s. Gerber, M/s. Menzel and M/s. Eduard Kusters, GermanyMather & Platt (I) Ltd. * SBM Engg. * ATE (Stovec/Storm ac*) particolored Indl. Engineers* M/s. Artos & Benninger, Germany M/s. Famatex, Germany M/s. Obermeaier, Germany M/s. Toshin Kogyo, Japan * Presently not in operation T. Maneklal* Famatex India Ltd. * Dalal Engg. Star Indl. Engg. * Some Companies developed machinery by copying the imported technology viz. M/s. Harish Textile Engineers, M/s. SM Engg. etc. As mentioned earlier, composite structure of the textile industry broke in Europe during 70s. The same happened in India during 80s. This affected the processing sector.While spinning industry became more organized, competitive and export- worthy, the weaving and processing sectors became uncompetitive, decentralized and export unworthy. Since the Government encouraged low technology for the weaving sector (handlooms and ordinary powerlooms), the organized weaving sector in the mill industry could not come up. Similarly, the decentralized processing sector, which started with second hand machinery from the composite mill industry, did not modernize the units in course of time. The domestic manufacturers which had ollaboration prior to 1991 could not continue with their collaborators after 1991 as the market became open and the foreign manufacturers found it easier to market their machines in India rather than making the same under collaboration. During 80s as well as 90s strenuous efforts were put in by some of the Companies to develop machinery by way of re-engineering. Some of them became successful. However, some of the Companies had to close down their shutters due to tough competition in the open market after 1991. Many manufacturing units came into existence to produce low technology cheap machinery to bridge the gap between demand and supply.This had resulted in manufacture of execrable quality machines and poor quality processing of textiles thereof. The encouragement given by the Government to the hand processing sector was misused and low technology prevailed. The prominent processing machinery ma kers who developed quality machines during 80s and 90s were 1. M/s. Calico Indl. Engineers, Mumbai* 2. M/s. Dalal Engg. Pvt. Ltd. , Mumbai 3. M/s. Devrekha Engineers, Surat 4. M/s. Harish Textile Engineers Ltd. , Mumbai 5. M/s. Mather & Platt (I) Ltd. , Mumbai* 6. M/s. Primatex Machinery Ltd. , Mumbai* 7. M/s. SLM Maneklal Ind. Ltd. , Mumbai* 8. M/s.SM Energy & Electronics, Mumbai 9. M/s. Standard Fabricators (I) Pvt. Ltd. , Mumbai 10. M/s. Stovec Industries Ltd. , Ahmedabad 11. M/s. Texprint Engineers Pvt. Ltd. , Ahmedabad * Presently not in operation In the latter half of 90s again saw acute demand recession from the Textile Industry which continued upto 2002. During this period the Textile Engineering Industry started looking beyond the domestic demand. Export which was never more than Rs. 100 crore until 1988-89 started increasing and reached the level of Rs. 406 crore during 2002-03. There were exports of spinning as well as processing machinery.Some of the manufacturers could deal with the European manufacturers in processing machinery abroad with their high quality machines. Improved Demand The demand for textile machinery started picking up slowly after 2002 as the Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme became popular by then. The Textile Industry was also expecting a better market after the st liberalized Quota Free Regime under WTO from 1 January, 2005. Major demand for machinery started after 2004 which has prompted the Textile Engineering Industry to increase its production from the level of Rs. ,341 crore during 2003-04 to Rs. 2,780 crore during 2006-07. However, this happened mainly in spinning machinery and weaving preparatory machinery and to some extent in weaving and processing machinery. The weaving and processing machinery sectors though change magnitude their capacity to a considerable extent, has a long way to go. The processing sector started competing with foreign manufacturers since 1991 though sporadically. They have improved their tech nology and their machines are now capable of producing fault free processed fabrics in short as well as continuous lots.The domestic demand for much(prenominal) machinery has also increased. M/s. Dhall Enterprises & Engineers Pvt. Ltd. , Ahmedabad, M/s. Harish Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. , Mumbai, M/s. Tex-Fab Engineers (India) Pvt. Ltd. , Navi Mumbai produced continuous dyeing plants with latest technology for long length of fabric processing which are running successfully in the mills. The following manufacturers have exported their processing machines and earned a good name 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. M/s. Dalal Engineering Pvt. Ltd. , Mumbai M/s. Devrekha Exports (Bhagyarekha Engineers Pvt. Ltd. ), Surat M/s.Dhall Enterprises & Engineers Pvt. Ltd. , Ahmedabad M/s. Harish Enterprise Pvt. Ltd. , Mumbai M/s. Kusters Calico Machinery (P) Ltd. , Vadodara M/s. Lakshmi Card Clothing Mfg. Co. Pvt. Ltd. , Coimbatore M/s. Yamuna Machine Works Pvt. Ltd. , Mumbai These manufacturers are in a position t o make many high quality processing machines and compete with foreign manufacturers. Knitting/Hosiery Machinery Knitting/Hosiery Industry as well as Garment Industry was reserved for the small scale sector. some(prenominal) these sectors thrived initially with imported second hand machinery.Both Woven Garment and Hosiery Garment put together the total export of the country was only Rs. 5 crore during 1970-71. The exports increased to Rs. 500 crore in 1980 and today it is above Rs. 17,000 crore, thanks to the removal of quota shackles under WTO, implemented by the Government couple of years back. Decentralised piece of the Garment industry did not enthuse the TEI to take up the manufacture of knitting machinery. As such this sector remained neglected altogether. Some efforts were made to manufacture knitting machinery by two Companies viz. M/s.Lakshmi Automatic Loom Works Ltd. , Coimbatore and M/s. Himson Textile Engineering Industries Pvt. Ltd. , Surat in late 80s. However, after liberalization of the Industrial Policy in 1991, imported machines became cheaper technology wise than the Indian machines due to which obviously there was no demand. Therefore, manufacture of knitting machinery had to be discontinued. testing & Monitoring Equipments Sector As regards the Testing & Monitoring equipments are concerned, the textile industry was dependent on imported testing and monitoring equipments in 60s and early 70s.The Textile Engineering Industry started developing such testing & monitoring equipments in the late 70s and today all kinds of high quality latest generation testing and monitoring equipments are being manufactured in the country. Some of the items are Air Jet Weaving Machine Controller Centralised Computerised consummation of Group of dyeing Machines with Dyeing Data Management Software Package Fully Automatic High Volume Fibre Tester for Length, Strength, Micronaire, Colour, Trash and maturity date module Multi-Channel Pre-Set Yarn Length In dicator & Controller for Winding/Texturising/TFO Machines with Software PackageYarn Evenness Tester Some names of the Companies manufacturing different categories of such instruments are under Paramount Instruments Pvt. Ltd. Pioneer Instruments & Innovations Premier Evolvics Pvt. Ltd. Semitronik Instruments Tex Lab Industries Thymas Electronic Pvt. Ltd. Growth of the Parts & Accessories Sector The growth of the textile industry along the length and breadth of the country initiated the manufacture of parts and accessories for their machinery. Today, barring a few critical items of equipments and accessories lmost all kinds of parts and accessories of high quality are manufactured in the country. The number of such manufacturers could be around 800. Some of the important items manufactured here are Blow Room beaters, card clothing, cross-roll attachment for cards, top rollers for high speed overstep frame, flyers for speed frames, rings, spindles, inserts, cots and aprons and va riable drives for ring frame, production of monitoring information in spinning and weaving online quality checking systems, cloth guides, web straighteners in processing, etc. etc.The TEI not only fulfills the demand for spares from the domestic textile industry but also exports its products to Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Far East, Europe, America and other countries as well. The following table shows data on production of Textile Machinery Parts & Accessories during the last 15 years Year 1985-86 1990-91 1999-2000 2004-05 2006-07 Rs. in Crores 83. 43 208. 59 288. 79 276. 44 339. 68 man-made Yarn and Fabric Processing Machinery Sector Synthetic weaving sector of the textile industry which was scattered in different parts of the country in early 70s became localized in Surat, Bhiwandi, Belgaum.During 80s and 90s the synthetic sector was dominantly established in and around Surat, Gujarat. This simultaneously necessitated the development of synthetic yarn and fabric processing ma chinery. As a result the Textile Engineering Industry located in and around Surat and Mumbai developed draw texturising machines, draw twisters, two-for-one twisters for filament yarn, zero-twist filament sizing machines, rewinders, preciseness cone winding machines, etc. etc. to a greater extent successful manufacturers are M/s. Himson Textile Engineering Industries Pvt. Ltd. , M/s. Aalidhra Textile Engineers Pvt. Ltd. Meera Industries, etc. The synthetic mechanic processing machinery was being imported during 70s and 80s. However, with the development of such machinery indigenously, we are not only catering to the domestic demand but also exporting the same. More and more developments are taking place due to the demand for such machinery. Conclusion Thus the Textile Engineering Industry could develop all types of textile machinery except garment machinery, high speed sophisticated knitting machinery, high speed shuttleless loom (rapier and air jet) and some of the latest generati on processing and finishing machinery.The reasons for not developing these machinery have been categorically explained in the foregoing paras. What the TEI expects and aspires Under the above background it is felt that there is a real need to develop and manufacture all kinds of textile machinery in the country as per the existing and expected demand. Government should encourage these efforts and should come forward to help this Rs. 3,000- 4,000-crore capacity industry in a comprehensive and systematic manner with short and long term policy measures. It should take note of the developments of textile machinery made by mainland China during the last 10 years.What China did? 1. Forced the foreign manufacturers to start manufacturing their brands in China by not allowing the import of machines from abroad. 2. Financed the domestic manufacturers for setting up the complete plants with large capacities. 3. No second hand machinery import 4. Incentives given for replacement of old machin ery with new machinery. Incidentally, it may be mentioned that China had 6 lakhs ordinary powerlooms/automatic looms prior to 2002. Today, they have shuttleless looms (2, 50, 000 to 3,00,000 approx. ). There may be few ordinary powerlooms in villages and automatic shuttle looms in some corners.No estimate of such looms is available. They have installed large machinery manufacturing capacities and are also exporting all kinds of textile machinery at a cheaper price. Therefore, the following measures are needed to improve the present condition of the Indian TEI A) Policy Measures Scheme for Modernisation, technology upgradation and productivity advancement of the Textile Engineering Industry (TEI). The interest remission under the scheme should be 5% with one time 10% Capital Subsidy over & above interest remission (Similar Schemes are available for the Textile Industry).Scheme to support Research & Development. o o Suitable capital grants and annual recurring grants for the existing R Centre at IIT, Powai, Mumbai. Suitable capital grants for the R Institutions located at Surat, Ahmedabad, Coimbatore, Delhi, Panipat and Ludhiana voluntary to take up R for textile machinery. Capital grant for indigenous development of machinery to the new projects as well as existing projects which got delayed due to lack of funds. Tax break/holiday for the manufacture of High Speed Shuttlelesss Looms/High-tech processing and finishing machinery for a period of five years.To allow import of complete sophisticated machinery in CKD/ SKD condition at concessional rate of import duty for a minimum period of three years without any restrictions for manufacturing textile machinery under collaboration/joint venture/import of designs and drawings or by way of reengineering. Ban import of machinery where similar technology machines are available indigenously e. g. shuttleless rapier loom crank beat-up type, water jet Looms (800 rpm) etc. Import of textile machinery in second han d condition should not be allowed under the Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme/20% CLCS Scheme.Ban on import of second hand shuttleless looms with weft insertion rate less than 800 mtrs. per minute. revival meeting of TIFAC scheme for development of textile machinery with 90% loan component and softer rate of interest of 3%. B) Fiscal Measures Reduction of excise duty from 14% to 8% Excise duty on parts, components and accessories of the machines be reduced to 8%. Maintaining the floor level customs duty on textile machinery at 7. 5% without any exemptions Uniform rate of customs duty for complete machinery and raw materials, parts, components & accessoriesUniform treatment to the domestic suppliers of machinery to EPCG license holders. 150% weighted Income Tax deduction for R expending made by the Textile Engineering units. If the above measures are taken seriously, the TEI aspires to make available modern machinery and equipment both in quantum and quality to meet the inco ming needs of the textile industry at short delivery periods coupled with effective and prompt after-sales-service. About the Author The author is the Secretary of The Textile Machinery Manufactures Association.

Clothes Can Tell a Lot About a Person

Pris unityrs Freed Chapter 27 summon 217 My island was now peopled, and I apprehension myself re e really(prenominal)y rich in subjects and it was a merry reflection, which I ofttimes made, how like a king I looked. First of comp allowely, the whole country was my own mere property, so that I had an undoubted right of dominion. Secondly, my people were perfectly subjected. I was absolute lord and law defecater, they solely owed their chokes to me, and were ready to flummox down their lives, if there had been occasion of it, for me.It was remark-able, too, we had however threesome subjects, and they were of three different religions. My troops Friday was a Protestant, his experience was a Pagan and a bunsnibal. And the Spaniard was a papist. However, I allowed liberty of conscience throughout my dominions. But this is by the way. -Robinson here start to talk about how hes very comfortable and happy of his island and his people that they allowed their lives to him, and men tion that he allowed liberty of conscience throughout his dominions. religious freedom Chapter 27 scalawag 220-221 He told me they were all of them very civil, honest men, and they were under the greatest distress imaginable, having neither weapons nor clothes, nor any food, but at the mercy and address of the savages out of all hopes of ever returning to their own country and that he was sure, if I would undertake their relief, they would live and die by me. When Robinson was afraid of the Spaniards men and he might be ill used for his humanity to them and put up his case worse than it was before the Spaniard start to tell him about their case and their condition afterwards that Robinson resolved to venture to relieve them. Chapter 27 Page224 I was fast asleep in my chanty one morning, when my man Friday came running in to me, and called loud, Master, master, they are come, they are come I jumped up, and irrespective of risk of exposure I went, as soon as I could get my cl othes on, through my little grove, which, by the way, was by this time grown to be a very thick wood I say, regardless of danger I went without my weapons, which was not my custom to do but I was surprised when, turning my look to the sea, I presently cut a boat at about a league and a half distance, standing in for the shore, with a shoulder-of-mutton sail, as they call it, and the wind blowing pretty fair to strike them in also I observed, presently, that they did not come from that side which the shore lay on, but from the southernmost end of the island.Upon this I called Friday in, and bade him lie close, for these were not the people we looked for, and that we might not know in time whether they were friends or enemies. -Here when Robinson jumped up and went out without his arms. He thought that the boat is for his friend but he pitch out that theyre an Englishmen. He was onfused because they might be his countrymen and friends or enemies and because of that he starts t o observe them. Chapter 28 Page 226-227 This ramble me in mind of the first time when I came on shore, and began to look about me how I gave myself oer for lost how wildly I looked round me what dreadful apprehensions I had and how I lodged in the tree all night for fear of being devoured by wild beasts. -Robinson said that after he saw three prisoners with the Englishmen and after he observed the outrageous usage by the seamen they remind him of himself. Chapter 28 Page 228-229 I came as sound them undiscovered as I could, and therefore, before any of them saw me, I called aloud to them in Spanish, What are ye, gentlemen? They started up at the noise, but were ten times more confounded when they saw me, and the uncouth figure that I made. They made no answer at all, but I thought I perceived them just going to fly from me, when I spoke to them in English. Gentlemen, said I, do not be surprised at me perhaps you may take away a friend near when you did not expect it. He must b e sent directly from nirvana then, said one of them very gravely to me, and pulling off his hat at the same time to me for our condition is quondam(prenominal) the help of man. All help is from heaven, sir, said I, but can you put a stranger in the way to help you? for you seem to be in some great distress. I saw you when you set down and when you seemed to sack up application to the brutes that came with you, I saw one of them lift up his sword to kill you. -Robinson dumbfound the right time when most of the seamen were sleeping and go to the prisoners and talk with them and ask them about their condition and asked them how can help them. After that he found out that one of them is the captain of the boat his men have mutinied against him.And the other his blighter and a passenger. Chapter28 Page230 my conditions are but two first, that while you last out in this island with me, you will not pretend to any authority here and if I put arms in your hands, you will, upon all o ccasions, give them up to me, and do no prejudice to me or mine upon this island, and in the meantime be governed by my orders secondly, that if the ship is or may be recovered, you will carry me and my man to England passage free. -When Robinson agreed to venture upon their deliverance and to recovered the boat . his was his conditions with the captain and the two men and they authentic that and said that they would live and die with him so according to that Robinson gave them arms and pistol and musket so they complete their formulate and succeed and kill the two who was the cause of the revolution and control the rest. Chapter28 Page239 At continuance they came up to the boat but it is impossible to express their confusion when they found the boat fast aground(predicate) in the creek, the tide ebbed out, and their two men gone.We could hear them call one to another in a most lamentable manner, telling one another they were got into an enchanted island that either there were i nhabitants in it, and they should all be murdered, or else there were devils and spirits in it, and they should be all carried away and devoured. -Robinson ordered Friday and the captains mate with him to make a trick for the seamen which is to halloo as loud as they could to draw the seamen as removed into the island and among the woods as possible. So Robinson can go to the boat and deal with the men inside it.And when they came suffer to the boat deadly tired they and didnt find their men. Chapter 28 Page240-241 In a word, they all laid down their arms and begged their lives and I sent the man that had parleyed with them, and two more, who bound them all and then my great army of fifty men, which, with those three, were in all but eightsome, came up and seized upon them, and upon their boat only that I kept myself and one more out of sight for reasons of state. -now each and everyone of the seamen yield to them and they won the battle.Chapter29 Page245 I was at first ready t o sink down with the surprise for I saw my deliverance, indeed, visibly put into my hands, all things easy, and a large ship just ready to carry me away whither I pleased to go. At first, for some time, I was not able to answer him one word but as he had taken me in his arms I held fast by him, or I should have fallen to the ground. -When the captain recover the boat he gave Robinson a boat so he couldnt express his feelings he was so happy and surprised.And he thought the captain was sent to him from heaven to deliver him. Chapter29 Page 246 When we had talked a while, the captain told me he had brought me some little refreshment, such as the ship afforded, and such as the wretches that had been so long his masters had not plundered him of. -Here we notice the chouse between the captain and Robinson from this quotation we read what the captain bring to Robinson many kind of food and cloth. Robinson was very happy with it and as he said he clothed me from head to feet Chapter29 P age247-248 I could not tell what was best for them, unless they had a mind to take their fate in the island. If they desired that, as I had liberty to leave the island, I had some inclination to give them their lives, if they thought they could shift on shore. _Robinson let the prisoners choose their fate to stay in the island if they neediness but the captain doesnt want to leave them in the island. Chapter29 Page248 When they had all declared their willingness to stay, I then told them I would let them into the story of my living there, and put them into the way of making it easy to them.Accordingly, I gave them the whole history of the place, and of my culmination to it showed them my fortifications, the way I made my bread, planted my corn, cured my grapes and, in a word, all that was necessary to make them easy. -When all the prisoners declared their willingness to stay. Robinson start to tell them about the place history and some ways to make their life easier and give them his firearms and description of the way he managed the goats and how to make both butter and cheese and give them some food which the captain had brought him to eat and bade them be sure to sow and increase them .Chapter29 Page250 In this vessel, after a long voyage, I arrived in England the 11th of June, in the family 1687, having been thirty-five years absent. -Robinson left the island The 19th of December in the year 1686 after he had upon it eight and twenty years two months and nineteen and arrived in England the 11th of June in the year 1687.